Corso di Alta Formazione
Attacco alla Mente: Strategie e Tecniche di Disinformazione e Guerra Cognitiva.
Una nuova sfida per l’intelligence italiana
Archivio di documentazione
Istituto Gino Germani di Scienze Sociali e Studi Strategici
Scuola di Formazione in Intelligence e Analisi Strategica
Anno 2022
Guerra Cognitiva
Johns Hopkins University & Imperial College London, “Countering cognitive warfare: awareness and resilience” Nato Review, May 20, 2021 https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/05/20/countering-cognitive-warfare-awareness-and-resilience/index.html
Arsalan, Bilal “Hybrid Warfare – New Threats, Complexity, and ‘Trust’ as the Antidote” NATO Review, November 30, 2021 https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/11/30/hybrid-warfare-new-threats-complexity-and-trust-as-the-antidote/index.html
Arushi Singh, “The Epoch of Cognitive Warfare: Realities and Ramifications”, in The New Global Order, 2021 https://thenewglobalorder.com/world-news/the-epoch-of-cognitive-warfare-realities-and-ramifications/
Bienvenue, E., Zac Rogers, Z., Troath, S. “Cognitive Warfare”, in The Cove, September 20, 2019
https://cove.army.gov.au/article/cognitive-warfare
Harris Tristan, “How Technology isHijacking Your Mind, from a Magician and Google Design Ethicist”, in Thrive Global, Medium, May 18, 2016
https://medium.com/thrive-global/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds-from-a-magician-and-google-s-design-ethicist-56d62ef5edf3
Cole, A. e Le Guyader, H. “Cognitive: a 6th Domain of Operations?”, Nato AlliedCommandTransformation, 2021 https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/ENG%20version%20v6.pdf
NATO Innovation Hub, “The InvisibleThreat: Countering Cognitive Warfare”, Fall 2021, Canada
https://www.innovationhub-act.org/challenge-intro
DuClazelFrançois, “Cognitive Warfare, a Battle for the Brain”, in NATO Innovation HUB Project, 2020 https://www.sto.nato.int/publications/STO%20Meeting%20Proceedings/STO-MP-HFM-334/$MP-HFM-334-KN3.pdf
AA.VV.: “Cognitive Warfare brings the New Third OperationalDimension, besides the cyber and the physicalones. How should NATO adjust to it and face the challenges that come with it?”, in Innovation Hub project https://www.innovationhub-act.org/content/cognitive-warfare
AA.VV.: “Countering cognitive warfare: awareness and resilience”, Johns Hopkins University & Imperial College London, NATO Review, 20 may 2021
https://www.nato.int/docu/review/articles/2021/05/20/countering-cognitive-warfare-awareness-and-resilience/index.html
AA.VV.: “The Cognitive Campaign: Strategic and Intelligence Perspectives” Institute for National Security Studies, The Institute for the Research of the Methodology of Intelligence, Memorandum No. 197, Tel Aviv, Israel, Yossi Kuperwasser and David Siman-Tov, Editors
https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/Memo197_e_compressed.pdf
Lucania Pietro, “Guerra cognitiva e dominio umano”, in Brainfactor, 10 febbraio 2022
https://www.brainfactor.it/guerra-cognitiva-e-dominio-umano/
Verga Enrico, “La Guerra Cognitiva è già in corso e volenti o nolenti ci siamo dentro tutti”, in Technology Review, 15 marzo 2022
https://www.technologyreview.it/la-guerra-cognitiva-e-gia-in-corso-e-volenti-o-nolenti-ci-siamo-dentro-tutti/
Harbulot C., Lucas D., Baumard P., Huyghe F.B., Moinet N., Prats C., Rainaudi C., Triffeau A., Valantin J.M.: “La guerre cognitive”, promotion 2022 de l’Ecole de Guerre Economique
https://www.epge.fr/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/La-guerre-cognitive.pdf
Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW : “The Evolution of Cognitive Bias”, The Handbook of EvolutionaryPsychology, In Buss DM (ed.), November 2015 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119125563.evpsych241
Trinchero R.: “Contro la guerra cognitiva. Educare allo scetticismo attivo”, Media Education, Studi e ricerche, Vol. 9, n. 1, anno 2018, pp. 17-36
https://www.unipa.it/persone/docenti/c/gianna.cappello/.content/documenti/TRINCHERO.pdf#:~:text=Contro%20la%20guerra%20cognitiva%3A%20lo%20scetticismo%20attivo%20La,comportamenti%20che%20vanno%20a%20van-%20taggio%20del%20belligerante
DuCluzel F., “Cognitive Warfare”; Innovation Hub project, January 2021 https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/20210113_CW%20Final%20v2%20.pdf
Orinx K., De Swielande T.S.: “Cognitive warfare and the vulnerabilities of democracies”, Université Catholique de Louvain, n.79, 12 may 2021
http://cecrilouvain.be/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/cognitive-warfare-.pdf
Claverie B., Kowalczuk B.: “CyberpsychologyTopicsproposal”, Study for the Innovation Hub, Innovation Hub project, July 2018 https://www.innovationhub-act.org/content/cyberpsychology-topics-proposal
Lagneau L., “Le Ministère del Armées va investir dans la guerre cognitive avec le project Myriade”, in Opex 360, 28 novembre 2021 http://www.opex360.com/2021/11/28/le-ministere-des-armees-va-investir-dans-la-guerre-cognitive-avec-le-projet-myriade/
Ramunno Giovanni, “La Cognitive Warfare: la Nuova Frontiera del Conflitto fra Stati”, in Osservatorio – Focus per la Cultura della Sicurezza, 28 ottobre 2021
https://www.ofcs.it/internazionale/la-cognitive-warfare-la-nuova-frontiera-del-conflitto-fra-stati/#gsc.tab=0
Ramunno Giovanni, “Nella Guerra Cognitiva l’Occidente Subisce Impreparata l’Attacco delle Autocrazie”, in PRP Channel, 28 maggio 2022
https://www.prpchannel.com/nella-guerra-cognitiva-loccidente-subisce-impreparata-lattacco-delle-autocrazie/
Melella Cosimo, Lo Giudice Emilio, “Pro e (molti) contro della guerra cognitiva”, in Formiche La Rivista, 07 giugno 2021
https://formiche.net/2021/06/guerra-cognitiva-cyber-fake-news/
NATO – Committee on the CivilDimension of Security (CDS), “Enhancing the Resilience of AlliedSocietesthroughCivilPreparedness”
https://www.nato-pa.int/download-file?filename=/sites/default/files/2021-04/011%20CDS%2021%20E-%20RESILIENCE%20THROUGH%20CIVIL%20PREPAREDNESS_0.pdf
Guerra Cognitiva e Neuroscienze
Giordano J.: “Intersections of big data, neuroscience and national security: Technical issues and derivative concerns”, in Cabayan H et al. (eds.) “A New Information Paradigm? From Genes to “Big Data”, and Instagrams to PersistentSurveillance: Implications for National Security”, p. 46-48. Department of Defense; Strategic MultilayerAssessment Group- Joint Staff/J-3/Pentagon Strategic Studies Group, 2014.
https://nsiteam.com/social/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/A-New-Information-Paradigm-From-Genes-to-Big-Data-and-Instagram-to-Persistent-Surveillance…Implications-for-National-Security.pdf
Le Guyader Hervé: “The Weaponization of Neurosciences”, Innovation Hub project, WarfightingStudy, February 2020, https://www.innovationhub-act.org/blog/weaponization-neuroscience
Giordano James, “EmergingNeuroscience and Technology (NeuroS/T): Current and Near-Term Risks and Threats to NATO Biosecurity”, in NATO Innovation Hub project, March 2021
https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/NATO%20NeuroST%20Report%20FINAL.pdf
Carvalko Joseph, “Intelligence Amplification”, in NATO Innovation Hub project, October 19, 2020
https://www.innovationhub-act.org/blog/intelligence-amplification
NATO Science & Technology Organization, “Science & Technology Trends 2020-2040”, report, March 2020
https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2020/4/pdf/190422-ST_Tech_Trends_Report_2020-2040.pdf
McCreight Robert, “Cognitive Warfare 2021: Latent Alliance Threats in Neurostrike and Havana Syndrome”, in VernetzteSicherheit, 2021
https://vernetztesicherheit.de/cognitive-warfare-2021-latent-alliance-threats-in-neurostrike-and-havana-syndrome/
Turner Grant, “The Future of Conflict: Neurowarfare”, in Realist Review, October 12, 2021
https://realistreview.org/2021/10/12/the-future-of-conflict-neurowarfare/
AA.VV., “Cognition Workshop: Innovative Solutions to ImproveCognition”, report, NATO Innovation Hub project, 2021
https://www.innovationhub-act.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/210601%20Cognition%20Workshop%20Report-%20v3.pdf
Editorial board, “New Ways to Nudge the Brain”, in Neuroscience News, May 16, 2020
https://neurosciencenews.com/neurotech-eeg-army-16403/
Friedenberg, J. e Silverman, G., “Cognitive Science”, SAGE, Londra, 2006 http://www2.fiit.stuba.sk/~kvasnicka/CognitiveScience/Friedenberg_Cognitive%20science.pdf
Disinformazione e deception
Carter Kelsey, “Weapons of Mass Distortion? The Threat of Online Disinformation”, Perspectives on Global Issues, Spring 2017
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Online-Disinformation-threat.pdf
Sergio Germani, “La minaccia della disinformazione: panoramica introduttiva”, https://www.fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/LA-MINACCIA-DELLA-DISINFORMAZIONE-L.S.-GERMANI.pdf2_.pdf
Hwang Tim, “Digital Disinformation – A Primer”, Atlantic Council Eurasia Center, September 2017
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Digital_Disinformation_Primer_web_09251.pdf
Fallis Don, “A Conceptual Analysis of Disinformations”, University of Arizona, January 2009
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Conceptual-analysis-of-disinformation.pdf
Monsurrò Pietro, “Viaggio nella Spesa Pubblica Italiana #2: l’Istruzione”, in Strade Online, 11 dicembre 2013
Viner Katharine, “How Technology Disrupted the Truth”, in The Guardian, July 12, 2016
https://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/jul/12/how-technology-disrupted-the-truth?
Pasi Maria Cristina, “Il Linguaggio dell’Odio e le Fake News, tra Diritto e Propaganda Politica”, in Strade Online, 20 ottobre 2017
https://www.stradeonline.it/diritto-e-liberta/3121-il-linguaggio-dell-odio-e-le-fake-news-tra-diritto-e-propaganda-politica
“Disinformation and the Erosion of Democracy”, Live Conference, University of Chicago Institute of Politics, April 6th – 8th, 2022
https://disinfo2022.com/
Fried Daniel, Polyakova Alina, “Democratic Defense AgainstDisinformation”, Atlantic Council Eurasia Center, March 5, 2018
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/democratic-defense-against-disinformation/
The Africa Center for Strategic Studies, “Mapping Disinformation in Africa”, April 26, 2022
https://africacenter.org/spotlight/mapping-disinformation-in-africa
EuropeanValues Center for Security Policy, “GO vs Blitz: an Analysis of Russian-ChineseInfluence Co-Operation in Europe”, report, Prague, 2021
https://europeanvalues.cz/en/go-vs-blitz-an-analysis-of-russian-chinese-influence-co-operation-in-europe/
Wirtz, James J., “Hiding in PlainSight: Denial, Deception and the Non-State Actor”, SAIS Review, Vol. 28, No. 1 (Winter-Spring 2008)
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Wirtz_Hiding_2008.pdf
Whaley, Barton, “DetectingDeception: A Bibliography of CounterdeceptionAcross Time, Cultures, and Disciplines”, 2d ed. Washington, DC: Foreign Denial&Deception Committee, National Intelligence Council, Mar. 2006
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/whaleybibliographycounterdeceptionsecondedition.pdf
Stanley Zell, “An AnnotatedBibliography of the Open Literature on Deception”, RAND Corporation, December 1985
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/annotated-bibliography-on-deception.pdf
Caddell Joseph W., “Deception 101 – Primer on Deception”, The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), December 2004
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/A-Primer-on-Deception.pdf
Analisi di Intelligence e pensiero critico per il contrasto alla deception
Kahneman, D., &Tversky, A., “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk.” Econometrica, vol. 47, n. 2, 1979, pp. 263-291 https://www.jstor.org/stable/1914185
Fernando, B., “Cognitive bias” in Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior , Springer: Editors, Jennifer Vonk, Tom Shackelford, 2017 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317344882_Cognitive_bias
Tversky, A. e Kahneman, D., “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases”, Science, New Series, Vol. 185, n. 4157, 1974, pp. 1124-1131. https://www2.psych.ubc.ca/~schaller/Psyc590Readings/TverskyKahneman1974.pdf
Kahneman, D. e Shane, F., “RepresentativenessRevisited: AttributeSubstitution in Intuitive Judgment”, in Heuristics and Biases: the Psychology of Intuitive Judgment, editors: Gilovich, T., Griffin, D.l, Kahneman D. 1999, p. 49 https://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~jpayne/ba525_articles/Ssn6_2.pdf
AA.VV.: “The Red Teams handbook – The Army’s guide to making betterdecisions”; University of Foreign Military and Cultural Studies, TRADOC G-2 Intelligence Support Activity, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, 2019
https://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/ufmcs/The_Red_Team_Handbook.pdf
Campbell Anthony, coord, “An Intelligence Analysis Primer: Six Steps to Better Intelligence Analysis”,Community of Interest on the Practice and Organization of Intelligence, Ottawa, Canada, March 10, 2008
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Intelligence-Analysis-Primer.pdf
Richards J Heuer, Jr, “Psychology of Intelligence Analysis”, Center for The Study of Intelligence, CIA, 1999
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Heuer-Psychology-or-Intelligence-Analysis.pdf
Disinformazione e Guerra Cognitiva Russa
Darczewska, J. e Żochowski, P. “Active Measures. Russia’s key export”, Point of View, n. 64, Centre for Eastern Studies, Varsavia, June 2017 http://aei.pitt.edu/88535/1/pw_64_ang_active-measures_net_0.pdf
Schoen Fletcher, Lamb Christopher J., “ Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic Communications: How One Interagency Group Made a Major Difference”, Institute For National Strategic Studies (INSS), Strategic Perspective N. 11, June 2012
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Deception-Disinformation-and-Strategic-Communication.pdf
Galeotti, M., “Active Measures: Russia’sCovertGeopolitical Operations,” Marshall Center Security Insight, n. 31, June 2019 https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/security-insights/active-measures-russias-covert-geopolitical-operations-0
Select Committee on Intelligence, “Russian activemeasurescampaigns and interference in the 2016 U.S. elections”, US Senate, november 2020 https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/publications/report-select-committee-intelligence-united-states-senate-russian-active-measures
Giles, K. &Sherr, J. &Seaboyer, A., “Russian Reflexive Control”, Royal Military College, Kingston, Canada, 2018 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328562833_Russian_Reflexive_Control
Pomerantsev, P. e Weiss, M. , “The Menace of Unreality: How the KremlinWeaponizes Information, Culture and Money”, The Interpreter, p. 10, 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20200330131447/http://www.interpretermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/The_Menace_of_Unreality_Final.pdf
Ramunno Giovanni, “Russia-Ucraina: la Nuova Guerra Cognitiva”, in Osservatorio – Focus per la Cultura della Sicurezza, 26 febbraio 2022
https://www.ofcs.it/internazionale/russia-ucraina-la-nuova-guerra-cognitiva/#gsc.tab=0
Stefanini Maurizio, “La battaglia della mente. La guerra ibrida di Putin ha come obiettivo il nostro cervello”, in L’Inkiesta, 10 giugno 2022
https://www.linkiesta.it/2022/06/infowar-guerra-informazione-russia/
Zegart Amy, “ The Tools of Espionage are Going Mainstream”, in The Atlantic, November 27, 2017
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2017/11/deception-russia-election-meddling-technology-national-security/546644/?utm_source=twb
Abrams Steve, “Beyond Propaganda: Soviet Active Measures in Putin’s Russia”, Connections QJ 15, N. 1, 2016, pp. 5-31
https://connections-qj.org/article/beyond-propaganda-soviet-active-measures-putins-russia
Martinelli Massimo, Jerkov Barbara, “Controcampo, il presidente del Copasir Adolfo Urso: «Siti No vax convertiti in account filo-Mosca»”, Il Messaggero, 18 giugno 2022 https://www.ilmessaggero.it/politica/controcampo_adolfo_urso_copasir_siti_no_vax_russia-6760025.html
Moy, Wesley, KacperGradon. “COVID-19 Effects and Russian Disinformation” Homeland Security Affairs 16, Article 8 (December, 2020)
https://www.hsaj.org/articles/16533
Lanoszka Alexander, “Western Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence in a Time of Russian Disinformation”, Institute for European Studies, Issue 21, November 2016
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Western-Intelligence-and-Counter-intelligence-in-a-Time-of-Russian-Disinformation3.pdf
Boghardt Thomas, “Soviet Bloc Intelligence and its AIDS DisinformationCampaign”, Studies in Intelligence, Vol 53, N. 4, December 2009
https://fondazionegermani.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/U-Boghardt-AIDS-Made-in-the-USA-17Dec.pdf
King Francis, “Reflexive Control and Disinformation in Putin’s Wars”, B.A. Arizona State University, 2014
https://scholar.colorado.edu/concern/parent/z890rt45j/file_sets/ht24wj65j
Cull Nicholas J., GatovVasily, Pomerantsev Peter, Applebaum Anne, Shawcross Alistair, “Soviet Subversion, Disinformation and Propaganda: How the West FoughtAgainstIt”, final report, LSE Consulting, Institute of Global Affairs, October 2017
https://www.lse.ac.uk/iga/assets/documents/arena/2018/Jigsaw-Soviet-Subversion-Disinformation-and-Propaganda-Final-Report.pdf
Global Engagement Center (GEC), “Pillars of Russia’sDisinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem”, special report, August 2020
https://www.state.gov/russias-pillars-of-disinformation-and-propaganda-report/
Backes O., Swab A.: “Cognitive warfare – The Russian Threat to ElectionIntegrity in the Baltic States”, Harvard Kennedy School, Belfer Center, for Science and International Affairs, paper, November 2019
https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/cognitive-warfare-russian-threat-election-integrity-baltic-states
Disinformazione e Guerra Cognitiva cinese
Beauchamp-Mustafaga Nathan, “Cognitive Domain Operations: The PLA’s New Holistic Concept for Influence Operations”, The Jamestown Foundation, China Brief Volume: 19 Issue: 16, September 6, 2019
https://jamestown.org/program/cognitive-domain-operations-the-plas-new-holistic-concept-for-influence-operations/
Zeneli Valbona, Santoro Federica, “China’sDisinformationCampaign in Italy”, in The Diplomat, June 9, 2020
https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/chinas-disinformation-campaign-in-italy/
Roberts Dexter, “China’sDisinformation Strategy”, Scowcroft Center for Strategy and Security, Atlantic Council, December 2020
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/CHINA-ASI-Report-FINAL-1.pdf
Harold, Scott W., Beauchamp-Mustafaga Nathan, and Hornung Jeffrey W, “ChineseDisinformationEfforts on Social Media”, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, 2021 https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR4373z3.html
Bandurski David, “China and Russia are JoiningForces to Spread Disinformation”, in Tech Stream, BrookingsEdu, March 11, 2022
https://www.brookings.edu/techstream/china-and-russia-are-joining-forces-to-spread-disinformation/
Kurlantzick Joshua, “How Russia and China Learn From EachOther on Disinformation”, in Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), March 7, 2022
https://www.cfr.org/blog/how-russia-and-china-learn-each-other-disinformation
Gabor Papp, “China: A War with Disinformation”, Central EuropeanUniversity Democratic Institute
https://cmds.ceu.edu/china-war-disinformation
China Power Team. “Is China Succeedingat Shaping Global Narrativesabout Covid-19?” China Power. October 22, 2021. Updated March 17, 2022. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-covid-disinformation-global-narratives/
Disinformazione e Guerra Cognitiva dei movimenti politiciestremisti e dei gruppi jihadisti
Davey, J. “Gamers Who Hate: An Introduction to ISD’s Gaming and Extremism Series”, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 12 August 2021
https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/20210910-gaming-reportintro.pdf
UNICRI, UNCCT joint report, “Algorithms and Terrorism: The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence for TerroristPurposes”, 2021 https://www.un.org/counterterrorism/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/malicious-use-of-ai-uncct-unicri-report-hd.pdf
Mackiewicz D. “Cognitive warfare: Hamas & Hezbollah and theirinsidiousefforts Course: IslamicJihadi-SalafiTerrorismas an Ongoing Challenge -Institute of National Security Studies 2018 Cognitive Warfare – Tel Aviv, Israel, Conference Paper · November 2019
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337228818_Cognitive_Warfare_-_Mackiewicz-Diana_2018
Lombardi Marco, “Global Media War of Daesh”, in Italian Team for Security, Terroristic Issues &ManagingEmergencies (ITSTIME), 31 gennaio 2022
https://www.itstime.it/w/infografiche-global-media-war-of-daesh/
Zgryziewicz R., Grzyb T., Fahmy S., Shaheen J., “Daesh information campaign and itsinfluence”. Riga: NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, 2016
https://stratcomcoe.org/publications/daesh-information-campaign-and-its-influence/156
“Misinformation, disinformation and hatefulextremismduring the COVID-19 pandemic”, in RAND Corporation project
https://www.rand.org/randeurope/research/projects/hateful-extremism-misinformation-disinformation-covid19.html
Redazione, “Non C’è Solo Forza Nuova”, Patria Indipendente – Periodico dell’Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d’Italia (ANPI), N. 109, Anno 2021
https://www.patriaindipendente.it/persone-e-luoghi/inchieste/non-ce-solo-forza-nuova/
Nazzi Stefano, “Com’è Fatta l’Estrema Destra in Italia”, in IL Post, 14 ottobre 2021
https://www.ilpost.it/2021/10/14/gruppi-partiti-organizzazioni-neofascisti-estrema-destra-italia/
Farinelli Francesco, “Conspiracy theories and right-wingextremism – Insights and recommendations for P/CVE”, RadicalisationAwareness Network (RAN), 2021
https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/networks/radicalisation-awareness-network-ran/publications/conspiracy-theories-and-right-wing-extremism-insights-and-recommendations-pcve-2021_en
European Foundation for South Asian Studies (EFSAS), “The Role of Fake News in Fueling Hate Speech and ExtremismOnline: PromotingAdequateMeasures for Tackling the Phenomenon”, Amsterdam, June 2021
https://www.efsas.org/publications/study-papers/the-role-of-fake-news-in-fueling-hate-speech-and-extremism-online/
Schackmuth Alex, “Extremism, Fake News and Hate: Effects of Social Media in the Post-Truth Era”, College of Liberal Arts& Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations, 245, 2018
https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/245/
SchoriLiang Christina, Cross Matthew J., “White Crusade: How to PreventRight-WingExtremists from Exploiting the Internet”, Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP), Issue 11, July 2020
https://www.gcsp.ch/publications/white-crusade-how-prevent-right-wing-extremists-exploiting-internet
Cinciripini Luca, Borgonovo Federico, Zaliani Marco, “Propaganda weaponisation: lo sfruttamento della pandemia da parte di attori non statali”, Centro Alti Studi per la Difesa (CASD), Call for Papers 2021
https://www.casd.it/pluginfile.php/26102/mod_resource/content/1/CINCIRIPINI%20et%20al.pdf?forcedownload=1